How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of those who bring good news, who proclaim peace, who bring good tidings, who proclaim salvation, who say to Zion, 'Your God reigns!' Isaiah 52:7
TIBET - A MYSTERIOUS LAND!
Tibet is an isolated and mysterious land that seems to be one of the
only places on earth capable of resisting foreign influence. Only in
the last fifty years or so have many foreigners been able to visit the
land referred to as "the roof of the world". It is located right in
the midst of the Himalayan mountain range making it a very harsh environment.
Not only the extreme environment but also the Tibetan's strong ties
to Buddhism and a strong sense of independence have served to isolated
this land from foreign influences, including the Gospel.
Tibet is unique geographically, culturally, and politically. It is referred to as the "rooftop of the world" because it rests in a plateau of the Himalayan Mountains with an average height between 13,000 and 16,000 feet. The mountain passes are even higher and the tallest peaks are around 29,000 feet. This extreme elevation makes for very harsh conditions. The sun is very intense, yet while your skin is burning in the sun, you might be freezing in the shade. The overall temperatures are very cold and there is not much rain. Many villages lack the water needed to grow enough food to sustain them. For this reason many Tibetans are nomadic, taking long yak caravans to trade salt for wheat and barley. They live out in the elements and move where they need to in order to survive. There are an estimated 2,500,000 to 6,500,000 hearty inhabitants of this ruthless land.
TIBETANS - WARM AND HOSPITABLE PEOPLE!
Although the conditions are rough and the temperatures cold the people
are generally very warm and hospitable. This is a strange paradox in
that foreigners were for a long time forbidden and definitely not welcome,
but in a way the Tibetans duty of hospitality pushed them to somewhat
welcome travelers when they did arrive. Although, most of the time travelers
were denied at the borders, before they even made it in the country.
Travelers were always met with mixed reactions depending on what region
of Tibet they were in or whether they were with the common people or
the Buddhist leaders. The people are very superstitious and the spirit
world is a very real part of everyday life.
BON RELIGION
Long before Tibet embraced the form of Buddhism, which is now called
Tibetan Buddhism, they were attracted to the local religion of Bon.
This was a shamanistic, animistic, religion whose followers devoted
most of their time trying to achieve a better afterlife for the dead.
There were many rituals done by the priests, which included burying
riches with the dead and holding ceremonies to ensure their safe arrival
in the afterlife. There is one account from a journalist for Readers
Digest, who snuck into one of these Bon rituals in the 1940's.
He described it as the priest in a circle chanting. Their eyes appeared
to be glazed over as they were in a trance. They were summoning the
king of hell to appear before them and they would do battle with him.
If they lost, they all died and chaos would reign for the next year,
but if they won, the Tibetan people would live in relative peace for
that year. This was a very oppressive folk religion that kept the people
in fear; this is probably one of the reasons most Tibetans left Bon
for Buddhism.
INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM INTO TIBET
Nepali and Chinese princesses, who were devout Buddhists, married the
Tibetan King, Srongtsen Gampo, supposedly introduced Buddhism to Tibet.
This was in the seventh century but it wasn't until 750 AD that Buddhism
was more formally introduced. This happened when the successor of King
Srongtsen Gampo invited Padmasambhava, an Indian monk, who founded a
Buddhist monastery near Lhasa to come to Tibet. The new religion didn't
grow for about a century under the suppression of Bon. It wasn't until
Atisa, another Indian monk, arrived in 1042 and unified the priesthood
that Buddhism started to grow. This form of Buddhism caught on so well
it came to be called Tibetan Buddhism. To be Tibetan is to be Buddhist.
It is so much a part of a Tibetan's life that to abandon his Buddhist
faith he almost has to abandon his identity as a Tibetan. Most Tibetans
now seek to gain merit in order to escape the seemingly endless cycle
of birth, death, and rebirth. This is a very religious life without
much hope of ever making it to Nirvana. Before Chinese persecution in
the 1960's, around one fifth of all Tibetans lived in lamaseries.
BUDDHISM AND BON RELIGION
Although Tibet is now Buddhist it never fully eradicated Bon, it just
assimilated it. So now for the common people their Buddhism is very
mixed with the animistic practices of Bon. The practice of Bon seeks
help in the immediate things in life where Buddhism looks beyond to
Nirvana. For this reason the common people will often go to a shaman
to get help with crops or disputes in everyday life. Both religions
are very spiritual, practicing lots of magic. There are reports of monks
who levitate, walk on water, dissolve there own bodies into nothingness,
and even create a hallucination of themselves that can appear to others.
This highly ritual and "spiritist" religion seems to be very
resistant to the Gospel.
INTRODUCTION OF THE GOSPEL
The Gospel was first introduced to Tibet by a Franciscan monk, Odoric
of Pordenone, the first European visitor to Lhasa. He traveled through
Lhasa in 1327 where he supposedly set up a mission. He has written comparing
the Tibetan's religion to their religion in Rome. They have a head figure
like the Pope, monasteries, and celibate monks who chant. In 1624, Antonio
de Andrade, a Portuguese Jesuit, wrote a letter, which is the first
written information we have from a European about Tibet. Two years after
him two more Jesuits, Grueber and d'Orville, stayed in Tibet for two
months. In 1715, two Jesuits, Desideri and Freyre, made a trip to Lhasa
and Freyre ended up staying until 1729. This was possibly the longest
time spent in Tibet by a missionary to that point.
Around the time Freyre left Tibet, the Capuchins founded a mission
that lasted until 1760. A Capuchin monk, Orazio della Penna di Billi,
wrote an account of Tibet some time before 1760. This is not a complete
history of the early missionaries in Tibet but it gives us an idea how
sporadic the missions where and how difficult it was to live and stay
in Tibet.
FAILURE OF MISSIONARY EFFORT
Most early missionaries were met with failure as they tried to introduce
the Gospel to Tibet. Freyre, the Jesuit, lived in Lhasa for fourteen
years without seeing much fruit from his service. He was obliged to
leave on account of the Capuchin monks who had founded a mission. The
Capuchin monks had a long stay in Lhasa, thirty years, but they also
had few converts before they were driven out by the Tibetans.
From this time in 1760 there were no more missionaries in Tibet until
1844 when Lazarists Huc and Gabet, traveled to Lhasa for a visit. The
missionaries were not well received and met much resistance to the Gospel;
especially form the Lamas and Monks in the monasteries. Many more missionaries
traveled to Tibet and were met with just as much, if not more resistance
as the earlier ones.
Dozens of missionaries traveled to Tibet in the 19th century and dozens
of them were expelled from Tibet in the nineteenth century. The missionaries
that were expelled got off easy because a handful of others were killed;
probably by stoning, being sewn into a wet yak skin and left out in
the sun to be crushed to death, or being thrown into a pit to starve
to death.
BEGINNING OF TWENTIETH CENTURY
Finally, at the beginning of the twentieth century the Catholic Church
saw some substantial fruits from centuries of labor. The Bishop of Tiniade
took up residence at Ta-Tsien-lu in 1897. By 1910 the mission included,
21 European priests, 2407 Catholics, and 600 catechumens. This church
was also heavily persecuted but was planted nonetheless.
Missionaries were the first European scholars in Tibet. All linguistics and translation work was done by missionaries. A couple examples are the Jesuit Hippolito Desideri and the Capuchin Francesco Orazio della Penna. Hippolito Desideri wrote the first Christian Tibetan liturature. These were two apologetic works, one against the belief that everybody could be saved by his own religion and the other was against the transmigration of souls (1716-21). Orazio della Penna translated Cardinal Bellarmine's, "Christian Doctrine" and Thurolot's "Treasure of Christian Doctrine." He also compiled the first Tibetan dictionary, containing 35,000 words in Tibetan characters. There were many other translations, either from a European language to Tibetan or even Tibetan works into a European language. For example, Orazio della Penna also translated, "History of the life and works of Shakiatuba, the restorer of Lamaism", "Three roads leading to perfection", "On transmigration and prayer to God", from Tibetan to Italian.
THE BIBLE IN THE TIBETAN LANGUAGE
The largest translation work done was by far the translation of the
Bible into Tibetan. The story of this translation is quite dramatic
and one can truly see God's hand in the process, as well as evil forces
that opposed the translation. This story can be found in Allan Maberly's
book, God Spoke Tibetan, I will just cover some of the
basics here.
Two Moravian Missionaries, Dr. A.W. Heyde and Mr. Pagel were called
by God to take the Gospel to Tibet. They spent many years just traveling,
trying to get into the country, without any luck. Finally they found
a small Tibetan community, nestled in a beautiful valley below the towering
Himalayas. The little community in Luba Valley was just outside the
Tibet border and therefore it wasn't a problem for the missionaries
to settle their. Tempu Gergan was the owner of the land and the leader
of the community. The missionaries decided to stay there, learn Tibetan,
and translate the Bible into the language. Tempu Gergan agreed to let
them stay there and even to help them translate.
This project of translation proved harder than anyone had expected. The first problem was learning Tibetan but a bigger problem was deciding what dialect to write in. Finally the missionaries and Tempu Gergan decided on a classical Tibetan that was used in monasteries. After several years the missionaries and Tempu Gergan finished the translation of the Gospel of John. It was a long and tedious undertaking, it was difficult to find words for things that would not convey a different meaning to a Tibetan, but finally they were finished with the first step.
They had the Gospel printed and distributed many but it didn't have much affect because it was difficult for the common Tibetan to understand. Tempu Gergan's son Sonam could not even understand the translation. Soon after this translation, Tempu Gergan died leaving the missionaries without translation help and as long as it took to translate the one book of John, it would take several lifetimes to translate the whole Bible. Dr. Jaeschke, who joined the missionaries also attempted but failed. Dr. Francke also joined the team and revised the NT, which was a little clearer but still didn't express the Gospel in a clear and understandable way. It seemed impossible to translate one Bible that most Tibetan could clearly understand and since the language was so difficult the work took a long time.
A TIBETAN MISSIONARY GAVE LEGS TO THE MOVEMENT -
A MARVELOUS STORY!
Sonam Gergan was always interested in the teachings of Jesus and after
his father died, he was baptized as a follower of Christ and changed
his name to Yoseb. He then left for Bible school in India and did very
well. After returning home Yoseb decided to take on the translation
of the Tibetan Bible. He wanted to give it "legs" to go into Tibet and
reach people with the words of God. One day when he was walking he became
tired in the heat of the day and sat down in the shade of a little lamasery.
As he listened to the lama inside read from a prayer book, he realized
that was it, the dialect he needed. It was a forgotten, old, very simple
Tibetan dialect that had good words for the difficult translations like,
God, prayer, and other difficult words. It was a simple dialect that
most Tibetans could understand. Strangely the old Lama gave Yoseb the
book and he used it to help make the first full translation of the Bible.
This work was completed in 1935; it took him 27 years.
This was not the end of the struggle to give "legs" to the scriptures. They
struggled for years attempting to print the translation work but ran
into problem after problem. They could not print it in India so it had
to be mailed to England. Then World War II broke out and the printing
was delayed. The manuscripts were almost blown up by a bomb that landed
just feet away from where they were stored but did not go off. They
were returned to India but could not be printed on the paper they were
on, so the printers made a special kind of paper for them to be re-written
on. So, the manuscripts went back to Yoseb to be re-copied. They were
sent into the mountains and several trips failed. Finally five days
before Yoseb died and ninety years after Dr Heyde and Mr. Pagel first
took on the work, the Tibetan Bible was printed in a dialect that Tibetans
could understand. The Gospel was in Tibetan!
FROM CHINA TO TIBET: CHRISTIAN AND MISSIONARY ALLIANCE MISSIONARIES!
Around the same time as the translation works were taking place on
the Indian border of Tibet, the Christian and Missionary Alliance was
working hard to reach Tibetans from the Chinese border. The Christian
and Missionary Alliance had been working in China for decades but now
at the turn of the twentieth century they were trying to reach Tibetans
with the Gospel. The Alliance's first major missions base was in Labrang,
Tibet. This is a city, situated in a valley with the mountains high
on all sides. Labrang was also one of the religious capitals of Tibet
with a very large monastery and up to 3,000 monks.
It is interesting how the missions base was founded and able to stay
in Labrang for almost thirty years. It was made possible, starting in
1919, when Moslem troops were stationed in Labrang. The missionaries
already got along pretty well with the Moslems because in a way they
were both outcasts in this land of so much idol worship and polytheism.
They had the common bond of worshiping only one God.
In this time of fighting in Labrang, the missionaries also won the
hearts of the Tibetans with their loving service to the wounded and
anyone in need. They were so respected by both sides that everyone would
protect them, even when the missionaries were caught in the crossfire
of a battle. The Moslems won and the missionaries continued their service
to the suffering Tibetans.
Finally when the Chinese took over, and Tibet was basically in control
again, the missionaries were highly respected and held a position of
great influence in the community. So, in this amazing way the Christian
and Missionary Alliance found a strong footing in Labrang and was able
to share the Gospel in both a practical and verbal way.
NO FRUITS IN GREAT NUMBER
Even though the base was in Labrang for almost thirty years they still
did not see a lot of strong converts. There were a few here and there
but those individuals would suffer a lot in the community. The Tibetans
in this religious capital were so steeped in Buddhism they could not
understand the Gospel that was preached to them. Many of them accepted
Jesus as just another Buddha out of hundreds. So, after thirty years
of service and a semi-successful ministry, the missionaries were finally
forced to leave when the communists took over in 1949.
RECENT SUCCESSES
It is possible that there has been more success reaching Tibetans with
the Gospel in the last ten years than in the rest of the history of
missions in Tibet. Although, all of the efforts of the first missionaries
and the lifetime labors of many believers laid the foundation and planted
the seeds that are a big part of the harvest that is to come. Without
the years spent translating the Tibetan Bible, we would have no scriptures
to give the Tibetans in our current ministries.
There are now new translations being worked on that should be more
accurate and readable. And, while the Tibetan church is still small,
it is there and it is growing. There is a Roman Catholic Church in Yanjing,
southeastern Tibet with a two hundred year history. It has around six
hundred members. There are also small pockets of evangelical meetings
rising. The largest one is in the Gansu province and is reported, by
the reliable Three-self church, to have two hundred members. There are
also unconfirmed reports of several small house churches in Lhasa and
around Tibet.
In March 1998, Christian Communications Ltd (Hong Kong) reported that:
"In a certain region in Tibet the Gospel has made progress in recent
years. The number of people meeting has increased from several dozen
to over 5,000, and there are more than forty meeting-points. There are
more than one hundred co-workers involved in church work."
These numbers do not sound reasonable to me and I am not sure how reliable
this is, though many Han Chinese that live in Tibet are coming to Christ.
Actually many of the missionaries working and living in Tibet right
now are Chinese. Praise the Lord that so many Chinese are coming to
Christ but the work is still slow with the Tibetans.
For safety reasons it is hard to find information on current missions
work going on in Tibet. There were many Christian humanitarian groups,
along with doctors, and teachers working in Tibet. There are also many
more working with Tibetans outside of Tibet. Over half of all Tibetans
live outside the Tibetan Autonomous region. In these pockets of Tibetan
communities, there are small house churches growing. This is encouraging
considering the lack of fruit throughout the history of Tibetan missions.
I believe the Lord is raising up missionaries to bring in the harvest
that is ripe in Tibet.
REASONS FOR UNSUCCESSFUL MISSIONS
There are probably many reasons why the history of mission in Tibet
has been so unsuccessful. One is because of the extreme climate and
landscape of Tibet. For a long time there was no way to get into Tibet
but by foot, through 17,000 foot mountain passes with snow, frigid weather,
desolate landscape, and unwelcoming Tibetan guards. This is not climate
that most people could survive in.
Another reason is that the Tibetans were so set against allowing foreigners
into their country. If missionaries would get in, the Tibetans would
drive them right back out.
Probably the strongest factor is the spiritual darkness that has such
a stronghold on the land. "The Roof of the World" seems to be shrouded
in a thick darkness that does not allow the light to shine. The Tibetan
people are totally immersed in Tantric Buddhism that permeates all areas
of life. If they are going on a trip, the Lama must visit and determine
what dates are the safest to travel. If someone is sick, the Lama comes
to chant over that person. Oracles are consulted to see what will come
in the future.
This Buddhism is also mixed with the ancient animistic beliefs of the
people. Tibetans have always been very spiritual, superstitious, and
involved in spirit worship and magic. An article of the OMF website
says this about the Tibetans' resistance to the Gospel,
One key reason must be that the Tibetan world-view and pattern of thought
is steeped in Lama Buddhism, which is opposed to the Biblical Gospel.
Christian spiritual vocabulary is largely meaningless to the Tibetan.
For instance, if you try to share with him the necessity of "being born
again" he will automatically transpose the idea to mean re-incarnation.
Tibetan religion revolves around the making of merit -- the antithesis
of the Gospel of grace.
FUTURE MISSIONS
The tool for the future of missions in Tibet must be prayer. There
is no way these people will turn from their spirit-strongholds and fully
embrace Christ by any amount of human effort. It will only be by the
grace of God and the power of the Holy Spirit that God's light will
break through the darkness and free Tibetans from their enslavement
to the gods of Buddhism.
This is probably the reason for the more recent success of mission in Tibet.
There are many people praying for this people group. God is also calling
more missionaries to this place that is most literally "the ends of
the earth". This growing group of missionaries is easier able to access
Tibet as well.
Since Tibet has come under control of Communist China, I believe it
has also become more open to foreigners, although it is still tough
to get in for a very long period of time. There are many tourists traveling
to Tibet now and you can just catch a plane to Lhasa, although the rest
of the roads in Tibet are still pretty primitive.
As over half of Tibetans live outside of Tibet missionaries are able
to work with these people in safer environments. We must pray that these
Tibetans will receive Christ and take his Gospel back into Tibet. Plus,
as the Chinese church is rapidly growing, Chinese Christians are taking
the Gospel west to Tibet.
THE HARVEST IS RIPE
While there is a seven hundred year history of missions in Tibet and
still only a handful of believers, the harvest is ripe. The Tibetan
church is growing and so is the missions force to reach them. The church
must pray for the Lord to free Tibetans from their darkness, to reveal
himself to them, and give understanding of something that is so radically
different from their understanding of the spirit world and afterlife.
We should pray for an outcome like the prophet Isaiah talks about in
Chapter 25, verses 6-8:
On this mountain the Lord Almighty will prepare a feast of rich food for all peoples, a banquet of aged wine-the best of meats and the finest of wines. On this mountain he will destroy the shroud that enfolds all peoples, the sheet that covers all nations; he will swallow up death forever. The Sovereign Lord will wipe away the tears from all faces; he will remove the disgrace of his people form all the earth.
Ekvall, Robert. Gateway To Tibet. Harrisburg, PA: Christian Publications Inc.
Maberly, Allan. God Spoke Tibetan. Orange, CA: Evangel Bible Translators.